Abstract Oral candidiasis is a common fungal infection that affects the oral mucosa, and happens when Candida albicans interacts with bacteria in the oral microbiota, such as Streptococcus mutans, causing severe early childhood caries. C. albicans and S. mutans mixed biofilms are challenging to treat with conventional antimicrobial therapies, thus, new anti-infective drugs are required. Objective This study aimed to test a drug delivery system based on chitosan microparticles loaded with geranium and lemongrass essential oils to inhibit C. albicans and S. mutans mixed biofilms. Methodology Chitosan microparticles loaded with essential oils (CM-EOs) were obtained by spray-drying. Susceptibility of planktonic were performed according CLSI at 4 to 2,048 µg/mL. Mixed biofilms were incubated at 37ºC for 48 h and exposed to CM-EOs at 256 to 4,096 µg/mL. The antimicrobial effect was evaluated using the MTT assay, with biofilm architectural changes analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. RAW 264.7 cell was used to evaluate compound cytotoxicity. Results CM-EOs had better planktonic activity against C. albicans than S. mutans. All samples reduced the metabolic activity of mixed C. albicans and S. mutans biofilms, with encapsulated oils showing better activity than raw chitosan or oils. The microparticles reduced the biofilm on the slides. The essential oils showed cytotoxic effects against RAW 264.7 cells, but encapsulation into chitosan microparticles decreased their toxicity. Conclusion This study demonstrates that chitosan loaded with essential oils may provide an alternative method for treating diseases caused by C. albicans and S. mutans mixed biofilm, such as dental caries.

ABSTRACT Cardiovascular disease is the main cause of death in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several heart conditions have been associated with CKD, including myocardial and pericardial diseases. This paper describes a case of Dialysis-related constrictive pericarditis in a patient diagnosed with sudden hypotension during a hemodialysis session. A 65-year-old man diagnosed with hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and cirrhosis on hemodialysis for two years complained of symptoms during one of his sessions described as malaise, lipothymia, and confusion. The patient had a record of poor compliance with the prescribed diet and missed dialysis sessions. He was sluggish during the physical examination, and presented hypophonetic heart sounds, a blood pressure of 50/30mmHg, and a prolonged capillary refill time. The patient was referred to the intensive care unit and was started on antibiotics and vasoactive drugs. His workup did not show signs of infection, while electrocardiography showed low QRS-wave voltage. His echocardiogram showed signs consistent with a thickened pericardium without pericardial effusion. Cardiac catheterization showed equalization of diastolic pressures in all heart chambers indicative of constrictive pericarditis. The patient underwent a pericardiectomy. Examination of surgical specimens indicated he had marked fibrosis and areas of dystrophic calcification without evidence of infection, consistent with Dialysis-related constrictive pericarditis. Hypotension for unknown causes must be considered in the differential diagnosis of dialysis patients.

RESUMO A doença cardiovascular é a principal causa de morte em pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC). Várias formas de acometimento cardíaco têm sido associadas. à DRC, incluindo doenças miocárdicas e pericárdicas. Este artigo descreve um caso de pericardite constritiva relacionada a em um paciente diagnosticado com hipotensão súbita durante uma sessão de hemodiálise. Um homem de 65 anos com diagnósticos prévios de hipertensão, diabetes, obesidade e cirrose em hemodiálise por dois anos queixou-se de sintomas durante uma de suas sessões, descritos como mal-estar, lipotímia e confusão mental. Apresentava histórico de baixa adesão à dieta prescrita e faltas frequentes às sessões de diálise. Ele estava fraco durante o exame físico e apresentava bulhas cardíacas hipofonéticas, pressão arterial de 50/30mmHg e tempo de enchimento capilar prolongado. O paciente foi encaminhado para a unidade de terapia intensiva e iniciou o tratamento com antibióticos e drogas vasoativas. Investigação laboratorial não mostrou sinais de infecção, enquanto o eletrocardiograma mostrou baixa voltagem de complexo QRS. Seu ecocardiograma evidenciou sinais consistentes com um pericárdio espessado, sem derrame pericárdico. O cateterismo cardíaco mostrou equalização das pressões diastólicas em todas as câmaras cardíacas, indicativo de pericardite constritiva. O paciente foi submetido a uma pericardiectomia. O exame anatomopatológico mostrou sinais de acentuada fibrose acentuada fibrose e áreas de calcificação distrófica sem evidência de infecção, consistente com pericardite constritiva relacionada a por diálise. A hipotensão por causas desconhecidas deve ser considerada no diagnóstico diferencial de pacientes em diálise.

ABSTRACT Background: Non-metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (M0 CRPC) has seen important developments in drugs and diagnostic tools in the last two years. New hormonal agents have demonstrated improvement in metastasis free survival in M0 CRPC patients and have been approved by regulatory agencies in Brazil. Additionally, newer and more sensitive imaging tools are able to detect metastasis earlier than before, which will impact the percentage of patients staged as M0 CRPC. Based on the available international guidelines, a group of Brazilian urology and medical oncology experts developed and completed a survey on the diagnosis and treatment of M0 CRPC in Brazil. These results are reviewed and summarized and associated recommendations are provided. Objective: To present survey results on management of M0 CRPC in Brazil. Design, setting, and participants: A panel of six Brazilian prostate cancer experts determined 64 questions concerning the main areas of interest: 1) staging tools, 2) treatments, 3) side effects of systemic treatment/s, and 4) osteoclast-targeted therapy. A larger panel of 28 Brazilian prostate cancer experts answered these questions in order to create country-specific recommendations discussed in this manuscript. Outcome measurements and statistical analysis: The panel voted publicly but anonymously on the predefined questions. These answers are the panelists' opinions, not a literature review or meta-analysis. Therapies not yet approved in Brazil were excluded from answer options. Each question had five to seven relevant answers including two non-answers. Results were tabulated in real time. Conclusions: The results and recommendations presented can be used by Brazilian physicians to support the management of M0 CRPC patients. Individual clinical decision making should be supported by available data, however, for Brazil, guidelines for diagnosis and management of M0 CRPC patients have not been developed. This document will serve as a point of reference when confronting this disease stage.

RESUMO: Estudos sobre a microbiota fúngica de répteis e anfíbios são necessários para melhor compreender as interações hospedeiro-microrganismo e o estabelecimento de doenças fúngicas nesses animais. No entanto, esses estudos são limitados. O objetivo da presente pesquisa foi identificar leveduras isoladas de répteis e anfíbios do bioma Caatinga e avaliar a produção de fatores de virulência, a sensibilidade a antifúngicos no crescimento planctônico e de biofilme e a patogenicidade de Candida famata. Vinte e nove isolados dos gêneros Candida, Cryptococcus e Rhodotorula foram identificados por métodos fenotípicos e/ou moleculares e a produção de enzimas hidrolíticas in vitro por esses gêneros de fungos foi avaliada. Além disso, foi avaliada a suscetibilidade de células planctônicas e biofilmes a azólicos e anfotericina B. A patogenicidade de C. famata, a espécie de levedura isolada mais prevalente, foi avaliada usando Caenorhabditis elegans. C. famata foi a levedura mais prevalente na microbiota de anfíbios e répteis. A produção de fosfolipase e protease foi observada em 18/29 e 11/29 dos isolados de levedura, respectivamente, enquanto 100% formaram biofilmes. O itraconazol apresentou altas concentrações inibitórias mínimas contra C. famata e C. tropicalis. A anfotericina B reduziu a biomassa e atividade metabólica dos biofilmes. C. famata induziu a mortalidade de C. elegans. Em conclusão, répteis e anfíbios são colonizados por leveduras capazes de produzir importantes fatores de virulência, especialmente por cepas de Candida spp. que apresentam baixa suscetibilidade a azólicos que podem resultar de desequilíbrio no ecossistema. Por fim, C. famata isolados desses animais apresentaram alta patogenicidade, mostrando a importância do estudo da microbiota fúngica de répteis e anfíbios.

ABSTRACT: Studies on the fungal microbiota of reptiles and amphibians are necessary to better understand of host-microbe interactions and the establishment of fungal disease in these animals. However, these studies are limited. The present researchidentified yeasts from free-ranging reptiles and amphibians from the Caatinga biome andevaluated the virulence factors production, the antifungal susceptibility in planktonic and biofilm growth and the pathogenicity of Candida famata isolates. Twenty-nine isolates of the genera Candida, Cryptococcus and Rhodotorula were identified by phenotypic and/or molecular methods and production of hydrolytic enzymes in vitro by these genera of fungi was evaluated. In addition, susceptibility of planktonic cells and biofilms to azoles and amphotericin B was evaluated. The pathogenicity of C. famata, the most prevalent yeast species isolated, was evaluated using Caenorhabditis elegans model. C. famata was the most prevalent yeast in amphibian and reptilian microbiota. Phospholipase and protease production was observed in 18/29 and 11/29 of the yeast isolates, respectively, while 100% formed biofilms. Itraconazole presented high minimal inhibitory concentrations against C. famata and C. tropicalis. Amphotericin B reduced the biomass and metabolic activity of biofilms. C. famata induced the mortality of C. elegans. In conclusion, reptiles and amphibians are colonized by yeasts capable of producing important virulence factors, especially by Candida spp. that present low susceptibility to azoles which may result from imbalances in ecosystem. Finally, C. famata isolated from these animals presented high pathogenicity, showing the importance of the study of reptile and amphibians fungal microbiota.

Resumo A busca por práticas meditativas orientais como tecnologia promotora de saúde e qualidade de vida tem aumentado significativamente nos últimos anos. Contudo percebe-se que a falta de compreensão dos conceitos e princípios dos quais emergem tais técnicas produzem propostas que podem ser tanto uma saída revolucionária quanto distópica. Propomos neste texto uma breve discussão sobre o movimento de mindfulness a partir de uma perspectiva gestáltica de influência goodmaniana. Assim, (a) apresentamos de maneira resumida a transmissão destas práticas desde tradições budistas até a ciência ocidental contemporânea; (b) destacamos alguns aspectos teóricos que aproximam e distanciam a Gestalt-terapia de pressupostos budistas; e (c) discutimos a apropriação dessas tradições, seus valores e suas tecnologias por um paradigma neoliberal utilitarista.

Abstract While the search for Eastern meditative practices as health and quality of life technology has increased significantly in recent years, the lack of understanding regarding core concepts and values from which such techniques emerge produces proposals that can be either revolutionary or dystopic. This text proposes a brief discussion concerning the mindfulness movement based on Goodman’s gestalt. Thus, we (a) briefly present the transmission of these practices from Buddhist traditions to contemporary Western science; (b) highlight some theoretical aspects that bring gestalt-therapy closer to and distance it from Buddhist premises; and (c) discuss the appropriation of such traditions, their values and technologies by a utilitarian neoliberal paradigm.

Resumen La búsqueda de prácticas meditativas orientales como herramienta de salud y calidad de vida ha aumentado significativamente en los últimos años. Sin embargo, la falta de comprensión de los conceptos y valores centrales de los cuales surgen tales técnicas produce propuestas que pueden ser revolucionarias o distópicas. En este texto proponemos hacer una breve discusión sobre el movimiento de la atención plena desde una perspectiva gestáltica goodmaniana. Así, (a) presentamos brevemente la transmisión de estas prácticas desde las tradiciones budistas hasta la ciencia occidental contemporánea; (b) destacamos algunos aspectos teóricos que acercan y alejan la terapia gestalt de las referencias budistas; y (c) discutimos la apropiación de estas tradiciones, sus valores y tecnologías por un paradigma neoliberal utilitario.

Résumé Alors que la recherche de pratiques méditatives orientales comme technologie de santé et de la qualité de vie s’est considérablement accrue ces dernières années, le manque de compréhension des concepts et valeurs fondamentales dont émergent ces techniques produit des propositions qui peuvent être soit révolutionnaires, soit dystopiques. Ce texte propose une brève discussion sur le mouvement de pleine conscience basée sur la gestalt-thérapie de Goodman. Ainsi, nous (a) présentons brièvement la transmission de ces pratiques des traditions bouddhistes à la science occidentale contemporaine ; (b) soulignons certains aspects théoriques qui rapprochent et éloignent la gestalt-thérapie des prémisses bouddhistes ; et (c) discutons de l’appropriation de ces traditions, de leurs valeurs et de leurs technologies par un paradigme néolibéral utilitaire.

RESUMO Entre as doenças que causam manchas foliares no algodoeiro, a mancha de ramulária tem se tornado importante em ambientes tropicais, porque as condições climáticas são favoráveis para o desenvolvimento do patógeno. Objetivou-se nesse trabalho avaliar o desempenho dos fungicidas difenoconazol, trifenil hidróxido de estanho, trifloxistrobina, protioconazol e mancozebe, isolados ou em misturas, no controle da mancha de ramulária no algodoeiro. O experimento foi conduzido na safra 2014/2015, em uma fazenda localizada no município de Sapezal, estado do Mato Grosso. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados e quatro repetições, com parcelas subdivididas no tempo. Foram realizadas sete avaliações de níveis de severidade da mancha da ramulária nos sete tratamentos. Os fungicidas foram aplicados oito vezes, em intervalos de 15 dias. Ao final do período experimental, foi avaliada a produtividade e a eficiência de controle dos fungicidas em comparação com a testemunha. A aplicação de fungicidas reduziu os danos de produtividade devido ao ataque italico fungo Ramularia areola. O trifenil hidróxido de estanho, isolado ou em mistura com o difenoconazol permitiu maior controle da severidade da mancha de ramulária do que a combinação de trifloxistrobina + protioconazol com difenoconazol, ou difenoconazol com mancozebe.

ABSTRACT Among the diseases that cause leaf spots in the cotton crop, ramularia leaf spot has become important in tropical environments since the weather conditions are favorable to the pathogen development. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of fungicides difenoconazole, triphenyltin hydroxide, trifloxystrobin, prothioconazole and mancozeb, alone or in mixtures, in controlling ramularia leaf spot in the cotton crop. The experiment was carried out in the 2014/2015 crop season, at a farm located in Sapezal Municipality, Mato Grosso State. Experimental design was in randomized blocks with four replicates and split plot in time. Seven evaluations of ramularia spot severity levels were performed with seven treatments. Fungicides were applied eight times, at 15-day intervals. At the end of the experimental period, the yield and the control effectiveness of fungicides were evaluated in comparison with control. Fungicide applications reduced yield damage caused by the attack of the fungus Ramularia areola. Triphenyltin hydroxide alone or in combination with difenoconazole allowed greater control of ramularia spot severity than the combination of trifloxystrobin + prothioconazole with difenoconazole, or diphenoconazole with mancozeb.

RESUMO JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar a prevalência de suspeita de disfunção temporomandibular em funcionários e estudantes em uma universidade no Brasil e analisar a influência das variáveis sócio-demográficas e clínicas sobre essa disfunção. MÉTODOS: Este estudo teve uma amostra não probabilística compreendendo 575 voluntários que foram avaliadas por um questionário, proposto pela Academia Americana de Dor Orofacial. RESULTADOS: A suspeita de disfunção temporomandibular estava presente em 60,87% da população. Por meio da análise de regressão logística múltipla, apenas variáveis clínicas foram associadas com a presença de suspeita de disfunção temporomandibular, como: apresentar cefaleia, dores no pescoço ou nos dentes (OR=47,60), maxilares rígidos, apertados ou cansados com regularidade (OR=13,37), dificuldade na abertura da boca (OR=13,55) e dor ao redor das orelhas, têmporas ou bochecha (OR=4,61). CONCLUSÃO: O questionário foi eficaz como um instrumento de pré-triagem no levantamento dos sintomas; e os resultados suportam o ponto forte dos sintomas clínicos na identificação e acompanhamento de indivíduos com tais lesões.

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed at identifying the prevalence of suspected temporomandibular disorders in employees and students of a Brazilian university and at evaluating the influence of socio-demographic and clinical variables on this disorder. METHODS: This study had a non-probabilistic sample of 575 volunteers who were evaluated by a questionnaire proposed by the American Academy of Orofacial Pain. RESULTS: Suspected temporomandibular disorder was present in 60.87% of the population. By means of multiple logistic regression analysis, just clinical variables were associated to the presence of suspected temporomandibular disorder, such as: headache, neck pain or teethache (OR=47.60), stiff, tight or regularly tired jaws (OR=13.37), mouth opening difficulty (OR=13.55) and pain around the ears, temples or cheeks (OR=4.61). CONCLUSION: The questionnaire was effective as a pre-screening tool to identify symptoms, and results support the importance of clinical symptoms for the identification and follow up of patients with such disorders.

Resumen Este estudio investigó algunos aspectos de una red cooperativa dirigida a la Psicología Latinoamericana. El estudio se basó en datos documentales disponibles para el público. La red incluyó 262 investigadores latinoamericanos y 38 de otros países, puesto que la red apoya investigadores de otros continentes interesados en cooperar. Los datos investigados fueron el país de origen, el nivel educativo, la ocupación profesional, los intereses generales en cooperar y las modalidades de cooperación buscadas. En total, los miembros procedían de 23 países, incluyendo 12 de Latinoamérica y 11 de otros continentes. Los países con el mayor número de participantes fueron Colombia, Brasil, Argentina, Chile y Perú. En términos del nivel educativo se identificaron miembros desde pregrado hasta PhD. La mayoría (n = 199) reportó tener nivel de doctorado o maestría y la mayoría (n = 203) son profesores o investigadores en el nivel universitarios. Los intereses generales de cooperación se dividieron en cuatro grupos, de los cuales los temas más citados fueron salud, salud mental y psicología social. La forma de cooperación más frecuentemente señalada fue la participación en grupos de investigación latinoamericanos. Los datos se compararon con la literatura y se discutieron las posibilidades para avanzar en la cooperación.

Abstract This study investigated some aspects of a cooperative network aimed at Latin American Psychology. The study was based on documental data available to the public. The network included 262 researchers from Latin America and 38 from other countries, since the network supports researchers from other continents interested in cooperation. The data investigated were the country of origin, educational level and the professional occupation, general interests in cooperation and modalities of cooperation sought. Altogether, members came from 23 countries, including 12 Latin American and 11 countries from other continents. The countries with the largest number of participants were Colombia, Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Peru. Regarding educational level, were identified from undergraduates to PhDs. The majority (n = 199) had a doctorate or master degree and the majority (n = 203) served as professor/researcher at the college level. The general interests of cooperation were divided into four groups and health and mental health and Social Psychology were the most cited topics. The form of cooperation cited more frequently was participation in Latin American research group. The data are compared with the literature and possibilities for advancing cooperation are discussed.

ABSTRACTThe antifungal activity of some statins against different fungal species has been reported. Thus, at the first moment, the in vitro antifungal activity of simvastatin, atorvastatin and pravastatin was tested againstCandida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. Then, in a second approach, considering that the best results were obtained for simvastatin, this drug was evaluated in combination with antifungal drugs against planktonic growth and tested against biofilms ofCandida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. Drug susceptibility testing was performed using the microdilution broth method, as described by the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. The interaction between simvastatin and antifungals against planktonic cells was analyzed by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration index. Regarding biofilm susceptibility, simvastatin was tested against growing biofilm and mature biofilm of one strain of each tested yeast species. Simvastatin showed inhibitory effect against Candida spp. andCryptococcus spp. with minimum inhibitory concentration values ranging from 15.6 to 1000 mg L-1 and from 62.5 to 1000 mg L-1, respectively. The combination of simvastatin with itraconazole and fluconazole showed synergism against Candidaspp. and Cryptococcus spp., while the combination of simvastatin with amphotericin B was synergistic only againstCryptococcus spp. Concerning the biofilm assays, simvastatin was able to inhibit both growing biofilm and mature biofilm ofCandida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. The present study showed that simvastatin inhibits planktonic cells and biofilms ofCandida and Cryptococcus species.

Este estudo avaliou por métodos sorológicos e moleculares a exposição e infecção por agentes transmitidos por carrapatos (Babesia vogeli, Ehrlichia canis, and Rickettsia spp.) em 172 cães de áreas rurais e 150 cães de áreas urbanas do município de Chapadinha, Estado do Maranhão, Nordeste do Brasil. No geral, 16,1% dos cães amostrados (52/322) apresentaram soros reagentes para B. vogeli, com títulos finais variando de 40 a 640. Para E. canis, 14,6% cães (47/322) apresentaram soros reagentes com títulos finais de 80 a 163,840. Anticorpos reativos para pelo menos uma das cinco espécies de Rickettsia foram detectados em 18,9% dos cães (61/322), com os títulos que variam de 64 a 4096. Foram observados altos títulos para Rickettsia amblyommii. Três amostras de sangue canino (0,9%) e 9 (2,8%) foram PCR positivas para Babesia spp e E. canis. Os carrapatos coletados de cães urbanos eram todos Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensulato, e os cães rurais estavam infestados por R. sanguineus s.l , Amblyomma cajennense sensu lato e Amblyomma ovale. Um carrapato A. ovale foi encontrado infectado por Rickettsia bellii. Este estudo fornece um conhecimento epidemiológico para o controle e prevenção de doenças transmitidas por carrapatos de cães em uma região negligenciada do Brasil.

This study evaluated exposure and infection by tick-borne agents (Babesia vogeli, Ehrlichia canis and Rickettsia spp.) in 172 dogs in rural areas and 150 dogs in urban areas of the municipality of Chapadinha, state of Maranhão, northeastern Brazil, using molecular and serological methods. Overall, 16.1% of the sampled dogs (52/322) were seroreactive to B. vogeli, with endpoint titers ranging from 40 to 640. For E. canis, 14.6% of the dogs (47/322) were seroreactive, with endpoint titers from 80 to 163,840. Antibodies reactive to at least one of the five species of Rickettsia were detected in 18.9% of the dogs (61/322), with endpoint titers ranging from 64 to 4,096. High endpoint titers were observed for Rickettsia amblyommii. Three (0.9%) and nine (2.8%) canine blood samples were PCR-positive for Babesia spp. and E. canis. The ticks collected from urban dogs were all Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato, whereas the rural dogs were infested by R. sanguineus s.l, Amblyomma cajennense sensu lato and Amblyomma ovale. One A. ovale tick was found to be infected by Rickettsia bellii. This study provides an epidemiological background for controlling and preventing canine tick-borne diseases in a neglected region of Brazil.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade antifúngica de extratos de M. oleifera frente a fungos isolados de camarões, cultivados em água doce, e testar a toxicidade dos extratos em larvas de Macrobrachium amazonicum. Os extratos etanólicos de vagens, sementes, folhas, caules e flores e o extrato clorofórmico de flores de M. oleifera foram testados contra 14 cepas de Candida spp. e 10 cepas de Hortaea werneckii isolados da água de cultivo e do trato digestório de M. amazonicum. A atividade antifúngica foi determinada por microdiluição, com base nos documentos M27-A3 e M38-A2 do CLSI. A toxicidade foi avaliada por exposição das larvas de M. amazonicum a concentrações entre 10-1000 mg mL-1 dos extratos, realizando contagem de larvas mortas (CL50), após 24 horas. Os melhores resultados foram verificados com o extrato clorofórmico de flores, agindo frente a todas as cepas testadas, com concentrações inibitórias mínimas variando entre 0,019-2,5 mg mL-1. O extrato etanólico de folhas, flores e sementes agiu ante 22/24, 21/24 e 20/24 cepas, respectivamente. O extrato de vagens foi eficaz contra cepas de Candida spp. (14/24) e o extrato de caule apenas contra quatro cepas de H. werneckii (4/24). Os extratos de sementes, flores (fração clorofórmica), caules e folhas apresentaram baixa ou nenhuma toxicidade, enquanto que extratos de vagens e flores (fração etanólica) apresentaram toxicidade moderada. Assim, observou-se atividade antifúngica dos extratos em Candida spp . e H. werneckii com uma ampla margem de segurança para as larvas de M. amazonicum, demonstrando ser promissor para o manejo sustentável dos efluentes do cultivo de M. amazonicum

This study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of M. oleifera extracts against fungi isolated from farmed prawns and test the toxicity of the extracts on larvae of Macrobrachium amazonicum. The ethanol extracts of pods, seeds, leaves, stems and flowers and chloroform extract of flowers of M. oleifera were tested against 14 strains of Candida spp. and 10 strains of Hortaea werneckii isolated from farming water and the digestive tract of M. amazonicum. Antifungal activity was determined by microdilution, based on the M27-A3 and M38-A2 CLSI documents. Toxicity was evaluated by exposing larvae of M. amazonicum at concentrations between 10-1000mg mL-1, counting dead larvae (CL50) after 24 hours. The best results were verified with the chloroform extract of flowers, acting against all tested strains, with MICs ranging from 0.019 to 2.5 mg mL-1. Ethanol extracts of leaves, flowers and seeds acted against 22/24, 21/24 and 20/24 strains, respectively. The extract of pods was only effective against strains of Candida spp. (14/24) and extract of stem only against four strains of H. werneckii (4/24). Extracts of seeds, flowers (chloroform fraction), stems and leaves showed low or no toxicity, whereas extracts of pods and flowers (ethanol fraction) showed moderate toxicity. Thus, the antifungal activity of these extracts agaisnt Candida spp. and H. werneckii was observed, a wide margin of safety for larvae of M. amazonicum, demonstrating to be promising for the sustainable management of effluents from M. amazonicum farming

A resistência induzida é um método alternativo de controle de doenças. Entretanto, há poucos estudos relacionando o uso destes produtos e outros métodos alternativos à produtividade das plantas e às características físicas e químicas dos frutos. Objetivou-se avaliar a severidade de doenças, as características físicas e químicas de frutos e a produtividade de plantas tratadas com produtos alternativos e fertilizantes foliares. Plantas de maracujazeiro BRS Gigante Amarelo clonadas, em campo, foram submetidas, por um ano, a pulverizações quinzenais com: água (testemunha), Cuprozeb® (fungicida-padrão), acibenzolar-S-metil - ASM, Agro-mos®, fosfito de potássio, fosetyl-Al, gesso agrícola e CPAC-GE (produto em teste). O delineamento foi o em blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições e 20 frutos por repetição. Para o estudo da produtividade, utilizaram-se quatro repetições e seis plantas úteis por parcela. As colheitas ocorreram de novembro/2008 a abril/2009. As severidades foram avaliadas com escala de notas. Houve redução da severidade da virose, verrugose e bacteriose em todos os tratamentos, com exceção do Cuprozeb® para virose. Não foi observada redução da antracnose. Frutos com maior massa fresca foram obtidos com aplicações de gesso agrícola (236,83 g), CPAC-GE (234,10 g), fosetyl-Al ( 233,79 g), fosfito de potássio (230,64 g) e Agro-mos® (221,15 g). Os mesmos resultados foram observados para diâmetro transversal e massa de polpa. Não houve diferenças significativas entre tratamentos para diâmetro longitudinal e espessura de casca. Quanto às características químicas dos frutos, com exceção do Cuprozeb®, que não diferiu significativamente da testemunha, todos os produtos proporcionaram incremento no teor de sólidos solúveis. Maior acidez titulável foi obtida com Cuprozeb®, gesso agrícola, Agro-mos®, fosetyl-Al e ASM. Não foi constatada alteração no pH dos frutos. Em relação à produtividade, maiores quantidades de frutos por planta foram obtidas com fosfito de potássio (162,38 frutos), seguido pelo gesso agrícola (111,13 frutos) e CPAC-GE (102,50 frutos). Maiores produtividades (kg/ha), considerando 1.600 plantas/ha, foram alcançadas com fosfito de potássio (40,19 t/ha), seguido pelo gesso agrícola (30,48 t/ha) e CPAC-GE (29,04 t/ha).

Inducing resistance is an alternative to control of plants diseases. However, there are few studies relating the effect of these products on yield and physical and chemical fruit characteristics. The aim of this work was to evaluate diseases severity, fruit physical and chemical characteristics and yield of passion fruits plants treated with alternative products and foliar fertilizers. Cloned plants of passion fruit cultivar BRS Gigante Amarelo were sprayed at each fifteen days, during one year with water (control), Cuprozeb® (standard fungicide), acibenzolar-S-metil - ASM, Agro-mos®, potassium phosphite, fosetyl-Al, gypsun and CPAC-GE (product in test). Experimental design was randomized blocks with four repetitions and six useful plants per repetition. For analyzing the physical and chemical characteristics were utilized four repetitions of twenty fruits. Harvestings of fruits were made from November, 2008 to April, 2009. For analyzing the disease severities was utilized a diagrammatical grade scale. All products were efficient in reducing the severity of woodiness virus severity, fruit-scab and bacteriosis, excepting the Cuprozeb® that was not effective to control the woodiness virus. Neither product was effective to control of fruit anthracnose. The applications of gypsum (236,83 g), CPAC-GE (234,10 g), fosetyl-Al (233,79 g), potassium phosphite (230,64 g) and Agro-mos® (221,15 g) induced the higher fruit fresh mass. Similar results were observed to transversal diameter and fruit pulp weight. There were not effect of those products on fruit longitudinal diameter and peel thickness. Concerning to fruit chemical characteristics, excepting Cuprozeb®, all products increased juice soluble solids levels. Gypsum, Agro-mos®, fosetyl-Al and ASM increased the juice titratable acidity, but there were not alteration of juice pH. Concerning the yield, the higher quantities of fruits per plant were obtained with applications of potassium phosphite (162,38), gypsum (111,13) and CPAC-GE (102,50). The best fruit yields were induced by field applications of potassium phosphite (40,19 t/ha), gypsum (30,48 t/ha) and CPAC-GE (29,04 t/ha).

CONTEXTO E OBJETIVO: Pouco se sabe sobre o controle postural de idosos com osteoporose e sua relação com as quedas. Foi sugerido que idosas cifóticas com osteoporose têm maior risco de quedas. Esta pesquisa teve como objetivo avaliar o controle postural e a postura em idosas com e sem osteoporose. TIPO DE ESTUDO E LOCAL: Estudo transversal realizado no Laboratório de Avaliação Fisioterapêutica e Eletromiografia da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (USP). MÉTODOS: Sessenta e seis mulheres idosas foram selecionadas da Clínica de Doenças Osteometabólicas da Divisão de Reumatologia da Universidade de São Paulo e divididas em dois grupos: osteoporose e controle, de acordo com a densidade mineral óssea (DMO). Foi avaliado o controle postural pelos testes Limite de Estabilidade (LOS) e Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (CTSIBm) e a postura pela fotometria. RESULTADOS: As idosas com osteoporose oscilaram com maior velocidade em superfície firme com olhos abertos (0,30 x 0,20 graus/segundo, P = 0,038). O COP (centro de pressão) de ambos os grupos encontrava-se a 30% do LOS, porém com posicionamentos distintos: 156° no grupo osteoporose e 178° no grupo controle (P = 0,045). As osteoporóticas caíram com maior frequência em comparação aos controles (1,0 x 0,0, P = 0,036). CONCLUSÃO: O controle postural de idosas com osteoporose diferiu dos controles, com maior velocidade de oscilação e máximo deslocamento do COP, e que apesar da presença de alterações posturais como hipercifose e anteriorização de cabeça, o COP se encontrou posteriorizado.

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVE: Little is known about postural control among elderly individuals with osteoporosis and its relationship with falls. It has been suggested that elderly women with kyphosis and osteoporosis are at greater risk of falling. The aim of this study was to evaluate posture and postural control among elderly women with and without osteoporosis. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study conducted at the Physical Therapy and Electromyography Laboratory, School of Medicine, Universidade de São Paulo (USP). METHODS: Sixty-six elderly women were selected from the bone metabolism disorders clinic, Division of Rheumatology, USP, and were divided into two groups: osteoporosis and controls, according to their bone mineral density (BMD). Postural control was assessed using the Limits of Stability (LOS) test and the Modified Clinical Test of Sensory Interaction and Balance (CTSIBm) and posture, using photometry. RESULTS: The elderly women with osteoporosis swayed at higher velocity on a stable surface with opened eyes (0.30 versus 0.20 degrees/second; P = 0.038). In both groups, the center of pressure (COP) was at 30% in the LOS, but with different placements: 156° in the osteoporosis group and 178° in the controls (P = 0.045). Osteoporosis patients fell more than controls did (1.0 versus 0.0; P = 0.036). CONCLUSIONS: The postural control in elderly women with osteoporosis differed from that of the controls, with higher sway velocity and maximum displacement of COP. Despite postural abnormalities such as hyperkyphosis and forward head, the COP position was posteriorized.

No Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo, a deposição de excrementos da avifauna foi responsável pela fosfatização de suas rochas. Como feição mais característica, formaram-se crostas fosfáticas. Com base em metodologias pertinentes ao trabalho de campo (observação, descrição e coleta) e de laboratório (análises geoquímicas, mineralógicas e microscópicas), esse trabalho buscou caracterizar tais crostas e compreender suas implicações geomorfológicas e paleogeográficas. As crostas foram definidas como feições de acumulação de excrementos, ricos em fósforo, mineralizados sobre rochas homogêneas (peridotitos milonitizados). Depois de formadas, o comportamento hidrofóbico de tais crostas protegeu as rochas contra o avanço acelerado do perfil de alteração e da atuação de processos erosivos, tornando as encostas em que são encontradas mais íngremes e convexizadas. Ao contrário, onde a formação da crosta não foi verificada, as encostas encontram-se concavizadas e a rocha mais profundamente alterada. A presença de tais crostas também indica a existência de ambientes áridos pretéritos, diferentes das condições climáticas atuais, onde foi possível a acumulação do guano sobre a superfície.

In the São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago, deposition of bird excrements has been responsible for rock phosphatization, generating phosphatized crusts. This study describes these crusts and establishes their geomorphological and paleogeografical implications, based on methodologies such as field observation, description and sampling, as well as, laboratorial analyses (geochemical, mineralogical and microscopic). The crusts were defined as features of excrement accumulation, with high P content and mineralized surfaces over homogeneous rocks (milonitizaded peridotites). The hydrophobic behavior of these crusts protects the underlying rock against the accelerated advance of chemical weathering and, consequently, the role of erosion processes, developing steeper and more convex slopes. In contrast, at sites in which the formation of the crust has not been verified, the rock is more weathered and the slopes more concave. The presence of these crusts also indicates an arid paleo-environment, where guano accumulation was possible, differently from present-day climate conditions.

Em ambiente com nebulização controlada, estacas herbáceas com um par de folhas, contendo 2 ou 3 nós, foram testadas quanto ao enraizamento, utilizando-se de bandeja de poliestireno com célula de 95cm³ e saco plástico de 15x25x0,02cm com 1.730 cm³. Foram testadas estacas de Passiflora actinia, P. serrato-digitata e P. setacea. Observou-se que P. serrato-digitata apresentou 94,3% de estacas enraizadas com brotos e 2,4% de mortalidade; enquanto P. actinia e P. setacea apresentaram, respetivamente, 30,5% e 28,6% de estacas enraizadas com brotos e 56,8% e 60,7% de mortalidade. A alta mortalidade das estacas foi atribuída ao estado fenológico das matrizes de P. actinia e P. setacea e ao ataque de larvas de bradisia (Bradysia spp.) Estacas com dois e três nós não apresentaram diferenças significativas, e o recipiente saco plástico de 1.730 cm³ proporcionou melhor desenvolvimento das mudas.

Steam cuttings of three wild Passiflora species where tested for rooting in a mist regulated greenhouse. Cuttings with two or three buds were used with two kinds of containers: polystyrene trays with 95 cm³ cells and perforated plastic bags of 15x25x0.02cm, with 1,730 cm³. Passiflora serrato-digitata was the best, with 94.3% of rooted cuttings with shoots e only 2.4% of death cuttings. P. actinia and P. setacea showed , respectivelly, 30.5% and 28.6% of rooted cuttings and 56.8% and 60.7%, of death cuttings. The high death were attribute to phenological phases of P. actinia and P. setacea or injury caused by fungus-gnat larvae (Bradysia spp.). Cuttings with two or three buds didn't show differences among them. Plastic bags proporcioned the best results, increasing rooted cuttings and plant development.